The Borana community, residing in southern Ethiopia and north-western Kenya, continues to celebrate its centuries-old governance tradition known as the Gada system. This unique political and social structure, which was recognized by the United Nations as part of the cultural heritage list in 2016, stands out for its democratic processes and cultural significance. At the heart of the system is the Abbaa Gadaa, the customary leader who governs for a fixed term of eight years before power is ceremoniously transferred.
The Gada system functions through regular community meetings where members can voice their opinions to the Abbaa Gadaa. The selection of this leader is a meticulous process undertaken by a council of elders. Potential candidates are identified from a specific age group, between 28 and 32 years old, and are distinguished by wearing ostrich feathers called "baalli."
The Abbaa Gadaa holds a critical role in overseeing the welfare and governance of the Borana people. Every eight years, a grand ceremony marks the transition of power from one Abbaa Gadaa to the next. This week-long event is marked by vibrant processions and culminates in the official handover of leadership.
Women also have a significant role during the Gada ceremony. Married women participate actively by marching with wooden batons known as "siinqee." These sticks are not merely ceremonial; they are used to resolve conflicts and maintain order throughout the proceedings. However, despite their vital involvement, the Gada system remains patriarchal, with women excluded from holding the top position of Abbaa Gadaa.
Initiation into this system begins early in life. Boys as young as eight years old are introduced to the Gada system through a structured training program. Oral historians play an essential role in this education, imparting knowledge about the system’s history and traditions to young initiates.
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